Clinical Refractometer Suppliers
Limit companies to: Worldwide USA
Teco Diagnostics | Address: 1268 N. Lakeview Ave, Anaheim, California 92807, USA 
www.tecodiag.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(714)-463-111, 800-222-9880
FDA Registration: 1832216
Products: Serum Total Protein, ALT (SGPT), Gamma-GT, Amylase, Creatinine, Creatine Kinase (CK), ...
Teco Diagnostics is an ISO 13485 certified company. We offer a complete line of clinical chemistry reagents and urine reagent strips. Our one step pregnancy card test helps in obtaining a visual quali more...
www.tecodiag.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(714)-463-111, 800-222-9880
FDA Registration: 1832216
Products: Serum Total Protein, ALT (SGPT), Gamma-GT, Amylase, Creatinine, Creatine Kinase (CK), ...
Teco Diagnostics is an ISO 13485 certified company. We offer a complete line of clinical chemistry reagents and urine reagent strips. Our one step pregnancy card test helps in obtaining a visual quali more...
Diagnostic Automation, Inc. | Address: 23961 Craftsman Rd. Suite E/F, Calabasas, California 91302-2521, USA
www.rapidtest.com/index2.htm | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(818)-591-3030
Products: Anti-MPO ANCA, Intact PTH, Troponin I, Myoglobin (FDA Code: DDR), Testosterone, Estradiol, ...
Diagnostic Automation, Inc. is a manufacturer and distributor of one step rapid tests & Elisa kits. We also offer IFA kits, chemiluminescence kits, serology tests and instruments. Chemiluminescence im more...
www.rapidtest.com/index2.htm | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(818)-591-3030
Products: Anti-MPO ANCA, Intact PTH, Troponin I, Myoglobin (FDA Code: DDR), Testosterone, Estradiol, ...
Diagnostic Automation, Inc. is a manufacturer and distributor of one step rapid tests & Elisa kits. We also offer IFA kits, chemiluminescence kits, serology tests and instruments. Chemiluminescence im more...
Iris Diagnostics | Address: 9172 Eton Avenue, Chatsworth, California 91311, USA
www.irisdiagnostics.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(818)-709-1244
FDA Registration: 2023446 Year Established: 1979 Annual Revenues: USD 50-100 Million Employee Count: ~90 Quality: CE Certified
Products: Micro Surgery Instruments, Urine Chemistry Analyzers, Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers, Particle and Cell Urinalysis Systems, Capillary Blood Collection Tubes (FDA Code: GIO), Micro Surgery Instruments, Pneumatic Power Systems, ...
Iris Diagnostics specializes in automated urinalysis technology. We produce clinical analyzers, which use real-time video flow imaging, displaying microscopic images on a video screen. Our systems are more...
www.irisdiagnostics.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(818)-709-1244
FDA Registration: 2023446 Year Established: 1979 Annual Revenues: USD 50-100 Million Employee Count: ~90 Quality: CE Certified
Products: Micro Surgery Instruments, Urine Chemistry Analyzers, Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers, Particle and Cell Urinalysis Systems, Capillary Blood Collection Tubes (FDA Code: GIO), Micro Surgery Instruments, Pneumatic Power Systems, ...
Iris Diagnostics specializes in automated urinalysis technology. We produce clinical analyzers, which use real-time video flow imaging, displaying microscopic images on a video screen. Our systems are more...
Jant Pharmacal Corp. | Address: 16255 Ventura Blvd. #505, Encino, California 91436, USA
www.accutest.net | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(818)-986-8530
FDA Registration: 2030633 Year Established: 1986 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~10
Products: Mononucleosis Antibody (MONO) Test Kits, Helicobacter pylori Antibody Kits, Streptococcus Test Kits, General Diagnostic Supplies, General Medical Supplies, General Diagnostics, ...
Jant Pharmacal Corp. provides a comprehensive line of rapid immuno-diagnostic test products for clinical, consumer and workplace applications. We offer products like urine drug screens, saliva drug sc more...
www.accutest.net | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(818)-986-8530
FDA Registration: 2030633 Year Established: 1986 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~10
Products: Mononucleosis Antibody (MONO) Test Kits, Helicobacter pylori Antibody Kits, Streptococcus Test Kits, General Diagnostic Supplies, General Medical Supplies, General Diagnostics, ...
Jant Pharmacal Corp. provides a comprehensive line of rapid immuno-diagnostic test products for clinical, consumer and workplace applications. We offer products like urine drug screens, saliva drug sc more...
ACON Laboratories, Inc. | Address: 4108 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, USA
www.aconlab.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(858)-535-2030
FDA Registration: 2531491 Year Established: 1996 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~70 Quality: ISO 9001, CE Certified
Products: Helicobacter pylori Urease Test Kits, Menopause and Fertility Impairment (FSH) Test Kits, Ovulation (Luteinizing Hormone) Test Kits, Streptococcus Test Kits, Creatinine Test Strips, Total Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), ...
ACON Laboratories, Inc. provides a broad range of quality and competitively priced lateral flow rapid diagnostic tests. We are an ISO 9001, CE MARK certified company. We currently sell over 100 diagno more...
www.aconlab.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(858)-535-2030
FDA Registration: 2531491 Year Established: 1996 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~70 Quality: ISO 9001, CE Certified
Products: Helicobacter pylori Urease Test Kits, Menopause and Fertility Impairment (FSH) Test Kits, Ovulation (Luteinizing Hormone) Test Kits, Streptococcus Test Kits, Creatinine Test Strips, Total Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), ...
ACON Laboratories, Inc. provides a broad range of quality and competitively priced lateral flow rapid diagnostic tests. We are an ISO 9001, CE MARK certified company. We currently sell over 100 diagno more...
LW Scientific | Address: 865 Marathon Parkway, Lawrenceville, Georgia 30045, USA
www.lwscientific.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(770)-270-1394
FDA Registration: 1067123 Year Established: 1994 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~20 Quality: ISO 9001, CE Certified
Products: Non-Refrigerated Centrifuges, Video Camera Adapters, Microhematocrit Centrifuges, Centrifuge Aids, Coagulation Lab Testing, General Diagnostic Supplies, ...
LW Scientific is a manufacturer of laboratory and scientific products ranging from microscopes to fiber optic illumination to high resolution single-chip video products. Our manufacturing plant is ISO more...
www.lwscientific.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(770)-270-1394
FDA Registration: 1067123 Year Established: 1994 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~20 Quality: ISO 9001, CE Certified
Products: Non-Refrigerated Centrifuges, Video Camera Adapters, Microhematocrit Centrifuges, Centrifuge Aids, Coagulation Lab Testing, General Diagnostic Supplies, ...
LW Scientific is a manufacturer of laboratory and scientific products ranging from microscopes to fiber optic illumination to high resolution single-chip video products. Our manufacturing plant is ISO more...
Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Address: 1717 Deerfield Road, Deerfield, Illinois 60015-0778, USA
www.usa.siemens.com/diagnostics | Phone: +1-(847)-267-5300
Quality: ISO 9000, CE Certified
Products: Laboratory Automation Systems, Biochemistry Analyzers, Blood Gas Analyzers, Coagulation Analyzers (FDA Code: GKP), Immunoassay Systems, Immunochemistry Analyzers, ...
Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, a clinical diagnostics company, provides clinicians with the vital information they need for the accurate diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients. Our comprehen more...
www.usa.siemens.com/diagnostics | Phone: +1-(847)-267-5300
Quality: ISO 9000, CE Certified
Products: Laboratory Automation Systems, Biochemistry Analyzers, Blood Gas Analyzers, Coagulation Analyzers (FDA Code: GKP), Immunoassay Systems, Immunochemistry Analyzers, ...
Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, a clinical diagnostics company, provides clinicians with the vital information they need for the accurate diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients. Our comprehen more...
Med-vet International | Address: 13822 West Boulton Blvd, Mettawa, Illinois 60045, USA
www.shopmedvet.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(800)-544-7521
Products: Scrubs, Needles, Esophageal Stethoscopes (FDA Code: BZW), Disposable Syringes, Gauze, General Sutures/Needles, ...
Med-vet International is an online retailer of medical products. We focus on instruments, syringes & needles, surgical exam room supplies, vials, containers, anesthia products, laboratory equipment, s more...
www.shopmedvet.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(800)-544-7521
Products: Scrubs, Needles, Esophageal Stethoscopes (FDA Code: BZW), Disposable Syringes, Gauze, General Sutures/Needles, ...
Med-vet International is an online retailer of medical products. We focus on instruments, syringes & needles, surgical exam room supplies, vials, containers, anesthia products, laboratory equipment, s more...
Iris Sample Processing | Address: 60 Glacier Drive, Westwood, Massachusetts 02090-1825, USA
www.statspin.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(781)-551-0100
Year Established: 1986 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~150 Quality: ISO 9001, CE Certified
Products: Hematology Analyzers, Microhematocrit Centrifuges, In Situ Hybridization Systems, Microscope Filter Sets, Thermometers, Microcentrifuges, ...
Iris Sample Processing is a manufacturer of centrifuges & blood analysis products. We provide a broader line of products and services for sample processing needs. Our current product range includes bl more...
www.statspin.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(781)-551-0100
Year Established: 1986 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~150 Quality: ISO 9001, CE Certified
Products: Hematology Analyzers, Microhematocrit Centrifuges, In Situ Hybridization Systems, Microscope Filter Sets, Thermometers, Microcentrifuges, ...
Iris Sample Processing is a manufacturer of centrifuges & blood analysis products. We provide a broader line of products and services for sample processing needs. Our current product range includes bl more...
Stanbio Laboratory | Address: 1261,North Main Street, Boerne, Texas 78006, USA
www.stanbio.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(830)-249-0772
FDA Registration: 1616487 Year Established: 1960 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~50 Quality: ISO 9001 Certified
Products: Hemoglobin Testing Systems, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (FDA Code: JCJ), Hemoglobin Analyzers, Streptococcus Test Kits, Coagulation Lab Testing, Infectious Disease Exams, ...
Stanbio Laboratory is a developer, manufacturer and distributor clinical diagnostic products. Our UriTrak™ 100 analyzer is an economical system that offers physician offices & laboratories the a more...
www.stanbio.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(830)-249-0772
FDA Registration: 1616487 Year Established: 1960 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~50 Quality: ISO 9001 Certified
Products: Hemoglobin Testing Systems, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (FDA Code: JCJ), Hemoglobin Analyzers, Streptococcus Test Kits, Coagulation Lab Testing, Infectious Disease Exams, ...
Stanbio Laboratory is a developer, manufacturer and distributor clinical diagnostic products. Our UriTrak™ 100 analyzer is an economical system that offers physician offices & laboratories the a more...
Germaine Laboratories, Inc. | Address: 11030 Wye Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78217, USA
www.germainelabs.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(210)-692-4192
FDA Registration: 1649661 Quality: ISO 13485:2003 Certified
Products: Ovulation (Luteinizing Hormone) Test Kits, Swabs, Streptococcus Test Kits, Sensitive Pregnancy Tests, Drug Testing Kits, Urinalysis Test, Ovulation Test, ...
Germaine Laboratories, Inc. manufactures & supplies medical diagnostic tests for professional use, point-of-care and over-the-counter consumer use. We offer FDA regulatory consultation and 510k clinic more...
www.germainelabs.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(210)-692-4192
FDA Registration: 1649661 Quality: ISO 13485:2003 Certified
Products: Ovulation (Luteinizing Hormone) Test Kits, Swabs, Streptococcus Test Kits, Sensitive Pregnancy Tests, Drug Testing Kits, Urinalysis Test, Ovulation Test, ...
Germaine Laboratories, Inc. manufactures & supplies medical diagnostic tests for professional use, point-of-care and over-the-counter consumer use. We offer FDA regulatory consultation and 510k clinic more...
Ameritek U.S.A. | Address: 125 130th St. SE, Suite #200, Everett, Washington 98208, USA
www.ameritek.org | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(425))-379-2580
FDA Registration: 3025672
Products: Myoglobin (FDA Code: DDR), Ovulation (Luteinizing Hormone) Test Kits, Ferritin (FDA Code: DBF), Foreign Body Retrieval Magnets, Ophthalmic Surgery Instruments, Foreign Body Retrieval Magnets, Femlab Vaginitis Cassette, ...
Ameritek U.S.A. specializes in rapid in-vitro immunodiagnostic and clinical reagent tests. We deliver various packaging options for our products. We offer white OEM packaging, our best brand & customi more...
www.ameritek.org | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(425))-379-2580
FDA Registration: 3025672
Products: Myoglobin (FDA Code: DDR), Ovulation (Luteinizing Hormone) Test Kits, Ferritin (FDA Code: DBF), Foreign Body Retrieval Magnets, Ophthalmic Surgery Instruments, Foreign Body Retrieval Magnets, Femlab Vaginitis Cassette, ...
Ameritek U.S.A. specializes in rapid in-vitro immunodiagnostic and clinical reagent tests. We deliver various packaging options for our products. We offer white OEM packaging, our best brand & customi more...
Syntron Bioresearch, Inc. | Address: 2774 Loker Avenue W., Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
www.syntron.net | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(760)-930-2200, 800-854-6226
FDA Registration: 2025760 Year Established: 1986 Annual Revenues: USD 10-25 Million Employee Count: ~140 Quality: ISO 9001 Certified
Products: Tumor Markers, Blood Glucose Test Strips, Cholesterol Test Kits, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) EIA Test Kit, Automated Urinalysis System (FDA Code: KQO), Immunodiagnostic Test Kits, ...
Syntron Bioresearch, Inc. is a research, development and manufacturing company specializing in rapid in vitro immunodiagnostic test systems. We offer diagnostic products including tests for allergy, c more...
www.syntron.net | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(760)-930-2200, 800-854-6226
FDA Registration: 2025760 Year Established: 1986 Annual Revenues: USD 10-25 Million Employee Count: ~140 Quality: ISO 9001 Certified
Products: Tumor Markers, Blood Glucose Test Strips, Cholesterol Test Kits, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) EIA Test Kit, Automated Urinalysis System (FDA Code: KQO), Immunodiagnostic Test Kits, ...
Syntron Bioresearch, Inc. is a research, development and manufacturing company specializing in rapid in vitro immunodiagnostic test systems. We offer diagnostic products including tests for allergy, c more...
Diagnostic Test Group, Llc | Address: 141 N.W. 20th St., Suite H-3, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
www.claritydiagnostics.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(561)-347-5760
FDA Registration: 3004043187
Products: Glucose Test Kits, Fecal Occult Blood Test, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) EIA Test Kit, H.Pylori Testing kits, Hcg Pregnancy Test Strip, Automated Urinalysis System (FDA Code: KQO), ...
Diagnostic Test Group, LLC is a manufacturer and distributor of laboratory diagnostic products. We offer clarity urinalysis, clarity strep tests, clarity pregnancy (hCG) tests, fecal occult tests, cho more...
www.claritydiagnostics.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(561)-347-5760
FDA Registration: 3004043187
Products: Glucose Test Kits, Fecal Occult Blood Test, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) EIA Test Kit, H.Pylori Testing kits, Hcg Pregnancy Test Strip, Automated Urinalysis System (FDA Code: KQO), ...
Diagnostic Test Group, LLC is a manufacturer and distributor of laboratory diagnostic products. We offer clarity urinalysis, clarity strep tests, clarity pregnancy (hCG) tests, fecal occult tests, cho more...
Sanzay Corporation | Address: 2400 W84 St. Suite 14, Hialeah, Florida 33016, USA
Phone: +1-(305)-826-9886
FDA Registration: 3005146313
Products: Clinical Refractometer (FDA Code: JRE), 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2 Ascorbic Acid (FDA Code: JMA), Nitrophenylphosphate, Alkaline Phosphatase (FDA Code: CJE), Bilirubin Diazo Colorimetry Test (FDA Code: CIG), Bilirubin and Conjugates Colorimetric Azo-Dyes Test (FDA Code: JJB), Calcium Cresolphthalein Complexone Test (FDA Code: CIC), ...
Sanzay Corporation deals with bromcresol green dye-binding, albumin, clinical refractometer, urinary nitrite colorimetric test and urine leukocyte test. We also offer 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2 ascorb more...
Phone: +1-(305)-826-9886
FDA Registration: 3005146313
Products: Clinical Refractometer (FDA Code: JRE), 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2 Ascorbic Acid (FDA Code: JMA), Nitrophenylphosphate, Alkaline Phosphatase (FDA Code: CJE), Bilirubin Diazo Colorimetry Test (FDA Code: CIG), Bilirubin and Conjugates Colorimetric Azo-Dyes Test (FDA Code: JJB), Calcium Cresolphthalein Complexone Test (FDA Code: CIC), ...
Sanzay Corporation deals with bromcresol green dye-binding, albumin, clinical refractometer, urinary nitrite colorimetric test and urine leukocyte test. We also offer 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2 ascorb more...
Index Instruments U.S. Inc. | Address: 3305 Commerce Blvd., Kissimmee, Florida 34741, USA
www.indexinstrumentsus.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(407)-932-3688
Year Established: 1990
Products: Colorimeter, Clinical Refractometer (FDA Code: JRE), Polarimeter (FDA Code: JQZ), ...
Index Instruments U.S. Inc. specializes in scientific instrumentation. We manufacture a range of polarimeters and refractometers. The instruments are designed, assembled, calibrated and tested. Our po more...
www.indexinstrumentsus.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(407)-932-3688
Year Established: 1990
Products: Colorimeter, Clinical Refractometer (FDA Code: JRE), Polarimeter (FDA Code: JQZ), ...
Index Instruments U.S. Inc. specializes in scientific instrumentation. We manufacture a range of polarimeters and refractometers. The instruments are designed, assembled, calibrated and tested. Our po more...
Kimball Electronics Tampa | Address: 13750 Reptron Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33626, USA
www.genesismfg.com | Phone: +1-(813)-814-8114
FDA Registration: 3004598644
Products: Defibrillators, Glucose Monitoring, Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems, Ultrasound Equipment, Ultrasound Medical Diagnostic Equipment, Automated Urinalysis System (FDA Code: KQO), ...
Kimball Electronics Tampa is a manufacturer of medical devices. We offer surgical instruments, defibrillators, vital signs monitoring, physical therapy, home health care, diagnostic imaging, hematolog more...
www.genesismfg.com | Phone: +1-(813)-814-8114
FDA Registration: 3004598644
Products: Defibrillators, Glucose Monitoring, Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems, Ultrasound Equipment, Ultrasound Medical Diagnostic Equipment, Automated Urinalysis System (FDA Code: KQO), ...
Kimball Electronics Tampa is a manufacturer of medical devices. We offer surgical instruments, defibrillators, vital signs monitoring, physical therapy, home health care, diagnostic imaging, hematolog more...
Arkray Factory USA, Inc. | Address: 5182 West 76th St., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55439, USA
Phone: +1-(952)-646-3168
FDA Registration: 1832816
Products: Blood Lancets, Automated Urinalysis System (FDA Code: KQO), Disposable Blood Lancet Needles, Blood Lancet Needle (Pen Type), Blood Lancet Needle (Blade Type), Stainless Steel Blood Lancets, ...
Arkray Factory USA, Inc. is engaged in the production of medical and surgical equipments. Our product line includes urine test strips, urine chemistry analyzers, intravascular catheters and blood gluc more...
Phone: +1-(952)-646-3168
FDA Registration: 1832816
Products: Blood Lancets, Automated Urinalysis System (FDA Code: KQO), Disposable Blood Lancet Needles, Blood Lancet Needle (Pen Type), Blood Lancet Needle (Blade Type), Stainless Steel Blood Lancets, ...
Arkray Factory USA, Inc. is engaged in the production of medical and surgical equipments. Our product line includes urine test strips, urine chemistry analyzers, intravascular catheters and blood gluc more...
Allied Healthcare Products Inc | Address: 1720 Sublette Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
www.alliedhpi.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(800)-444-3954
FDA Registration: 1314798 Year Established: 1958 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~900 Quality: CE Certified
Products: Anesthesia Equipment, Medical Humidifiers, Oxygen Masks (FDA Code: BYG), Breast Pumps, Splints, Curettes, ...
Allied Healthcare Products Inc manufactures medical gas construction equipment, respiratory therapy equipment, home health care products and emergency medical equipment. We develop a broad range of pr more...
www.alliedhpi.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(800)-444-3954
FDA Registration: 1314798 Year Established: 1958 Annual Revenues: USD 5-10 Million Employee Count: ~900 Quality: CE Certified
Products: Anesthesia Equipment, Medical Humidifiers, Oxygen Masks (FDA Code: BYG), Breast Pumps, Splints, Curettes, ...
Allied Healthcare Products Inc manufactures medical gas construction equipment, respiratory therapy equipment, home health care products and emergency medical equipment. We develop a broad range of pr more...
Rudolph Research Analytical | Address: 55 Newburgh Road, Hackettstown, New Jersey 7840, USA
www.rudolphresearch.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(973)-584-1558
Annual Revenues: USD 1-5 Million Employee Count: ~30
Products: Clinical Refractometer (FDA Code: JRE), Polarimeter (FDA Code: JQZ), ...
Rudolph Research Analytical is a manufacturer of analytical instruments. We offer a complete line of polarimeters, saccharimeters, refractometers and accessories. We provide various series of polarime more...
www.rudolphresearch.com | Send Inquiry | Phone: +1-(973)-584-1558
Annual Revenues: USD 1-5 Million Employee Count: ~30
Products: Clinical Refractometer (FDA Code: JRE), Polarimeter (FDA Code: JQZ), ...
Rudolph Research Analytical is a manufacturer of analytical instruments. We offer a complete line of polarimeters, saccharimeters, refractometers and accessories. We provide various series of polarime more...
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FDA Code / Regulation: JRE / 862.2800
A refractometer for clinical use is a device intended to determine the amount of solute in a solution by measuring the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in the solution). The index of refraction is used to measure the concentration of certain analytes (solutes), such a plasma total proteins and urinary total solids. Measurements obtained by this device are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain conditions.
Classification. Class I (general controls). The device is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter subject to the limitations in 862.9.
