Hormone is a chemical substance secreted from an organ or gland which can travel from one cell to another, through the blood or through nerves, to another part of the body.. The function of hormones is to serve as a signal to the target cells. The action of hormones is determined by the pattern of secretion and the signal transduction of the receiving tissue. Hormones are produced by every organ system and tissue type in a multicellular organism. They are secreted into the blood by endocrine organs. They are carried around the body in the blood system to target organs, which are controlled by specific hormones.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is a polypeptide hormone formed in the pituitary gland that regulates the activity of the outer region (cortex) of the adrenal glands. In mammals the action of ACTH is limited to those areas of the adrenal cortex in which the glucocorticoid hormones-cortisol and corticosterone are formed. It stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids such as cortisol, and has little control over secretion of aldosterone, the other major steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex.

Androgens are hormones that primarily influence the growth and development of the male reproductive system. Androgens are considered experimental and investigational for treatment of female menopause. Many different types of cells all over the body absorb androgens. Androgens are produced in equal amounts by the ovaries and adrenal glands; they are also converted from biologically inactive prehormone steroids found in the skin, liver, brain, muscle, and other tissues. The body converts some androgen into the estrogen estrone, which helps to make up for the loss of ovarian-made estrogen after menopause.

Estrogen is a hormone manufactured naturally by a woman's body. It is essential for normal female sexual development and for the healthy functioning of the reproductive system. It plays a pivotal role in the early maturation of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and other female organs, as well as secondary sex characteristics such as the enlargement of breasts and hips.

Oestrogen is a group of hormones produced by the ovaries of vertebrates; the term is also used for various synthetic hormones that mimic their effects. The principal oestrogen in mammals is oestradiol. Oestrogens control female sexual development, promote the growth of female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, stimulate egg (ovum) production, and, in mammals, prepare the lining of the uterus for pregnancy. Oestrogens are used therapeutically for some hormone disorders and to inhibit lactation.

Oxytocin is a hormone used during the late stage of pregnancy to induce labor. It is often used to induce labor in difficult pregnancies or pregnancies at risk for complications. This drug may also be used during pregnancy to test the heartbeat of the fetus: and to remove the afterbirth (placenta) and control bleeding of the womb (uterus) after childbirth.

The pituitary is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that sends signals to the thyroid and adrenal glands and the ovaries and testes, directing them to produce thyroid hormone, cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and others. These hormones affect metabolism, blood pressure, sexuality, reproduction, and other vital body functions. The pituitary gland also produces growth hormone and prolactin for milk production.

Progesterone is one of the hormones in body that stimulates and regulates various functions. It plays a role in maintaining pregnancy. The hormone is produced in the ovaries, the placenta and the adrenal glands. It helps prepare body for conception and pregnancy and regulates the monthly menstrual cycle. It also plays a role in sexual desire. Progesterone comes as a capsule to take by mouth. It is usually taken once a day in the evening or at bedtime.

Testosterone is an anabolic steroid. It is a hormone that is produced naturally in males. These are used in combination with appropriate diet and moderate exercise to promote a gain of protein in the body and to increase lean body mass.

Thyroxine is the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It plays an important role in regulating many of the body's metabolic functions. Hypothyroidism is the condition that results from under-production of thyroxine by the thyroid gland either because the gland is naturally underactive or because radioiodine therapy or surgery for an overactive gland has resulted in underactivity. Thyroxine is taken to replace the deficiency which exists in such situations and therefore to restore normal metabolic activity. Thyroxine has a very long action in the body and is taken as a single daily dose, usually in the morning preferably before breakfast. The actual dose may vary from patient to patient since it requires to be tailored to the individual's requirement. This is determined by a simple blood test, which will allow the doctor to adjust the dose from time to time as necessary.

Hyper-immune globulins contain high amounts of immune globulins that happen to have a higher average activity against certain infections. These are used in disease state-specific immunotherapy, including treatment for tetanus, rabies, hepatitis B and cytomegalovirus.

Immune globulin is a sterilized solution obtained from pooled human blood plasma, which contains the immunoglobulins (or antibodies) to protect against the infectious agents that cause various diseases. It is also known as immune serum globulin or gamma globulin. IG is produced using small amounts of antibodies, given by an injection or needle. When injected into a muscle, IG can provide almost immediate, short-term protection against specific illnesses or help make the illness less severe.

Immune Globulin is a sterilized solution obtained from pooled human blood plasma, which contains the immunoglobulins to protect against the infectious agents that cause various diseases. Immune globulins are called gamma globulins or immune serum globulins. They are indicated in different diseases with antibody deficiencies or other immune anomalies.

Immunodeficiency is a state in which the immune systems ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Immunodeficiency is a disorder that involves low levels of most or all of the immunoglobulin classes, a lack of B-lymphocytes or plasma cells that are capable of producing antibodies and frequent bacterial infections.

Insulin is an anabolic polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Insulin is composed of 51 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da.

Insulin is a natural hormone made by the pancreas that controls the level of the sugar glucose in the blood. It permits cells to use glucose for energy. Cells cannot utilize glucose without insulin. The failure to make insulin or to respond to it constitutes diabetes mellitus. Insulin is made specifically by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. If the beta cells degenerate so the body cannot make enough insulin on its own, diabetes results. A person with this type of diabetes must inject exogenous insulin.

Iron Supplements are supplements used in medicine to treat iron-deficiency anemia. Iron is very important for the production of hemoglobin in the blood and for supplying oxygen to red blood cells. Iron supplements are used to treat iron deficiencies.

Immune globulin intravenous is used to boost the body's natural defense system against infection in persons with a weakened immune system. It is also used to increase the blood count in persons with the blood disorder known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Lupus anticoagulants are a specific type of antiphospholipid antibody that exists in bloodstream. It is actually a protein, which causes blood to clot differently in arteries and veins that it normally should. Along with anticardiolipin antibody, lupus anticoagulant is associated with increased risk of blood clots, which can lead to a variety of complications.

Medicated Shampoos contain salicylic acid to loosen flakes of skin, selenium sulfide, zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole or ciclopirox to reduce the numbers of malassezia yeasts on the scalp. They are very helpful in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. They also help treat scalp psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. A minor calcium deficit can affect bone and teeth formation, while over-retention can lead to kidney stones. It has several important functions. More than 99% of total body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth where it functions to support their structure. The remaining 1% is found throughout the body in blood, muscle, and the fluid between cells. It is needed for muscle contraction, blood vessel contraction and expansion, the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and sending messages through the nervous system.

Chloride is essential in the maintenance of the body's acid-base and fluid balance. It is an essential component of the gastric (digestive) juices. It comprises approximately 0.15% of human body weight. It is primarily found in cerebrospinal fluid and gastrointestinal secretions. Chloride is present in small amounts within bone. It is the major anion in plasma and interstitial fluid, where it aids in the maintenance of osmotic pressure and electrolytic balance. It is essential for the production of hydrochloric acid, which is secreted from the parietal cells of the stomach, and vital in maintaining the proper acidic environment for pepsin. Chloride is essential, as are sulfur and phosphorus, in maintaining the acid/base balance of the body fluids. It is essential in buffering the acid/base fluctuations, which occur during carbon dioxide uptake and release in red blood cells. It is also influential in the conservation of potassium, which is inefficiently resorbed by the body.

Chromium is a mineral that is essential for impaired glucose tolerance, elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, promotion of weight loss, acne, stimulates enzymes in metabolism of energy, healthy blood circulatory system, synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and protein with added vanadium. It helps to prevent and lower high blood pressure. It can also deter diabetes because it works with insulin in the metabolism of blood sugar. This trace mineral helps transport protein where it is needed in body. It also helps improve glucose uptake in elderly people when loss comes as natural result of aging.

Copper is necessary in all higher plants and animals. Copper is carried mostly in the bloodstream on a plasma protein called ceruloplasmin. When copper is first absorbed in the gut it is transported to the liver bound to albumin. Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase (containing copper and zinc), and is the central metal in the oxygen-carrying pigment hemocyanin. The blood of the horseshoe crab, limulus Polyphemus, uses copper rather than iron for oxygen transport.

Fluoride is the ionic form of fluorine, and is instrumental in protecting bone and tooth enamel from loss of constituent minerals. Fluoride is most concentrated within tissues such as cementum, bone, dentin, and enamel. Fluoride is proposed to enhance the precipitation of hydroxyapatite crystals in solutions of calcium and phosphate and therefore tends to prevent the demineralization of bone and teeth. It has been further proposed that fluoride becomes integrated within the hydroxyapatite crystals, creating enlarge and less soluble crystals. As these crystals are less soluble and less reactive, dissolution of the tooth structure by acidic by-products of microorganism metabolism cannot occur as readily. Bone is also less likely to demineralize due to the decreased solubility of the fluoride containing crystals.

Iodine is commonly known to have a major effect on thyroid function. It is a main component of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. However, Iodine has many other effects: from controlling the effects of oestrogen on breast tissue to protecting against the effects of radioactivity. Iodine is in the formation of the foetal nervous system. It is also an important component of healthy connective tissues.

Magnesium plays important roles in the structure and the function of the human body. It is important as a cofactor for enzymes that convert adenosine triphosphate to adenosine pyrophosphoric acid, with the subsequent release of energy. As a constituent of these enzymes, magnesium is essential to reactions involving the synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Magnesium acts to relax muscles after calcium stimulates contraction. It is also necessary for the attachment of RNA to the protein-synthesizing ribosomal protein and for the synthesis, degradation, and stability of DNA. Magnesium has been termed a natural tranquilizer due to its therapeutic effect on the nervous symptoms of magnesium deficiency. These are essential for the activity of amino peptidases, which are secreted from the mucosal cells in the intestine to aid in the digestion of proteins.

Manganese is an essential trace nutrient in all forms of life. It is essential for smooth functioning of the brain and also needed in the production of certain enzymes. Manganese deficiency symptoms include pain in the joints, high blood sugar, bone/disc problems and poor memory. Good sources of manganese include tea, wheat germ, spinach, split peas, nuts, oat germ, oatmeal, pineapple, and green leafy vegetables. Manganese in excess is toxic. Exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 for even short periods because of its toxicity level.

Molybdenum is an essential trace mineral in human nutrition. It is found in several tissues of the human body and is required for the activity of some enzymes that are involved in catabolism, including the catabolism of purines and the sulfur amino acids. Molybdenum is a transition metal with atomic number 42 and an atomic weight of 95.94 Daltons. Its symbol is Mo. Compounds of molybdenum are among the scarcer constituents of the earth's crust. It prevents and treats molybdenum deficiency. It has putative anticarcinogenic activity.

Phosphorus is a key ingredient in all known forms of life. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate plays a major part in biological molecules such as DNA and RNA where it forms part of the structural backbone of these molecules.

Potassium is a necessary mineral in daily nutrition. It assists in muscle contraction and in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in body cells. Potassium is also important in sending nerve impulses as well as releasing energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates during metabolism. A shortage of potassium can cause a potentially fatal condition known as hypokalemia, frequently caused by diarrhea, increased diuresis and vomiting.

Selenium is a trace element that is essential in small amounts, but can be toxic in larger amounts. It is an important constituent of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which is responsible for destroying lipid-damaging peroxides. In this role, selenium complements the anti-oxidizing function of vitamin E. The enzyme glutathione peroxidase is contained within white blood cells and blood platelets, and has importance in the immune system and blood clotting mechanisms of the body. It may also be important in the regulation of serum cholesterol levels, although this effect has not been conclusively proven experimentally. It serves to prevent the incidence of mercury poisoning by affecting the body's metabolism of the potential toxin.

Sodium is an essential mineral or micronutrient, which along with potassium helps to regulate the body's fluid balance. The most common form of sodium used is table salt, which is 40 percent sodium. One teaspoon of table salt contains 2,300 milligrams of sodium.

Sulfur occurs principally in the body as a constituent of the cysteine and methionine. As a constituent of these amino acids it plays an important role in the structural conformation of almost all proteins and enzymes found in the body. It is also important in the structure of antibodies, and the sulfide group of cysteine is important in the activity of various enzymes. The disulfide linkage, which is formed between two cysteine residues, tends to bind up adjacent parallel peptide chains, thereby adding to the structural rigidity of many proteins. It is a significant constituent of thiamine (vitamin B-1) and biotin, and is found in insulin, keratin, and various glycoproteins. It is essential in the molecule chondroitin sulfate in bone and cartilage.

Zinc is a constituent of many enzymes. It is essential for the proper function of these various enzymes. It is necessary for the metabolism and structural stability of nucleic acids. The zinc content of the adult human body ranges from 1.4 to 2.5 grams, with the highest concentrations in the bone, liver, kidney, pancreas and muscle tissue. It is a constituent of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. This enzyme is, in turn, a constituent of red blood cells and gastric juices, and plays an important role in the deposition of calcium salts in teeth and bones. It has been associated with a variety of bodily functions such as the healing of wounds, reproduction, growth, and maintenance of glucose tolerance in the body. All of these functions have been shown to be impaired upon prolonged zinc deficiency.

Antidepressants are a family of drugs primarily used to treat mental depression as well as chronic pain, childhood bed-wetting, anxiety, panic disorder, eating disorders, cigarette addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, obesity, social anxiety disorder, and premenstrual depression. It is also used to treat people with depression and to aid in smoking cessation treatment. These drugs include bupropion, maprotiline, mirtazapine, nefazodone, trazodone and venlafaxine.

Muscle Relaxant is a drug, which decreases the tone of a muscle. This effect is used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasm, pain, hyperreflexia and gastrointestinal overactivity. Muscle relaxants are very common among patients suffering from acute low back pain. Muscle relaxants are a group of medications that act in the brain and relax the whole body. This reduces stiffness, relax muscles and relieve pain.

Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System is designed for brain tumor therapy.